<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-6649</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6657</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Science and Innovation Center Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">480669</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12731/2658-6649-2026-18-3-1821</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NNRIVK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Лесоведение, лесоводство, лесные культуры, агролесомелиорация, озеленение, лесная пирология и таксация</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Forest Science, Silviculture, Forest Cultivation, Agroforestry, Greening, Forest Pyrology, and Forest Inventory</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Results of simulation modeling and optimization of design parameters of forest rake</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Результаты имитационного моделирования и оптимизации конструктивных параметров лесных граблей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-4636</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1306-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонов</surname><given-names>Алексей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machine Design</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин</p> <p> </p></bio><email>paa5@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-2687</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2482-8478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druchinin</surname><given-names>Denis Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дручинин</surname><given-names>Денис Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machine Design</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин</p> <p> </p></bio><email>druchinin.denis@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-4595</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6242-1723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnusov</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнусов</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Forestry Engineering of the Engineering Center</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, руководитель лаборатории лесного машиностроения Инжинирингового центра</p> <p> </p></bio><email>mgnusov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3311-5907</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2412-0514</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkolnykh</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Школьных</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lecturer of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machine Design</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель кафедры механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин</p> <p> </p></bio><email>alex.hk525@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6356-5028</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9081-4128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, преподаватель кафедры механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, lecturer of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machine Design</p> <p> </p></bio><email>popovmaxim98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Forest Engineering University named after G.F. Morozov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет имени Г.Ф. Морозова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>306</fpage><lpage>322</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, A.A. Platonov, D.Yu. Druchinin, M.A. Gnusov, A.V. Shkolnykh, M.A. Popov</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, А.А. Платонов, Д.Ю. Дручинин, М.А. Гнусов, А.В. Школьных, М.А. Попов</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">A.A. Platonov, D.Yu. Druchinin, M.A. Gnusov, A.V. Shkolnykh, M.A. Popov</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">А.А. Платонов, Д.Ю. Дручинин, М.А. Гнусов, А.В. Школьных, М.А. Попов</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2658-6649/article/view/480669">https://journals.rcsi.science/2658-6649/article/view/480669</self-uri><self-uri content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="480669/480669-1257705-1-SM.pdf" xlink:title="PDF" xml:lang="en">480669/480669-1257705-1-SM.pdf</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Forest rakes for collecting or raking logging residues are widely used in forestry operations worldwide. The authors’ review highlighted the relevance of research aimed at optimizing the design parameters of forest rakes.</p> <p>The purpose is to improve the design elements of forest rakes to increase the efficiency of their use and the quality of work performed.</p> <p>Materials and methods. The study object was a forest rake with a broken profile of the working elements (teeth). The subject of the study was a mathematical model of the formation of a logging residue pile using a forest rake, taking into account the characteristics of the forest rake and the raked biomass. To identify the optimal design characteristics of a forest rake, a calculation scheme was developed for the formation of a drag pile of logging residue using a forest rake.</p> <p>Results. Mathematical modeling of the aforementioned drag pile allowed us to identify expressions for determining the optimal height, length, and tilt angles of the upper and lower parts of forest rake teeth. It was established that for the most probable range of internal friction angle variation of 44...46º and expected logging residue lengths of 0.7...1.2 m, the optimal height of a forest rake varies within the range of 840...1800 mm. For lower tooth inclination angles of 32...40º, the optimal length of the upper tooth of a forest rake varies within the range of 840...1100 mm. For upper tooth inclination angles of 5...11º, the optimal length of the lower tooth of a forest rake varies within the range of 620...790 mm. The need for continued research into the design parameters of forest rakes in the direction of their multifactor optimization to substantiate the optimal performance of forest rakes is substantiated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. В мировой практике выполнения лесохозяйственных работ широко распространены лесные грабли, осуществляющие сбор или сгребание порубочных остатков. Выполненный авторами статьи обзор позволил выявить актуальность проведения исследований, направленных на оптимизацию конструктивных параметров лесных граблей.</p> <p>Цель – совершенствование конструктивных элементов лесных граблей для повышения эффективности их применения и качества выполняемых работ.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Объект исследования представлял собой лесные грабли с ломаным профилем рабочих элементов (зубьев). Предмет исследования представлял собой математическую модель формирования посредством лесных граблей объёма вороха порубочных остатков с учётом характеристик лесных граблей и сгребаемой биомассы. Для выявления оптимальных конструктивных характеристик лесных граблей была составлена расчётная схема формируемого при помощи лесных граблей вороха волочения порубочных остатков.</p> <p>Результаты. Математическое моделирование указанного вороха волочения позволило выявить выражения для определения оптимальных величин высоты, длин и углов наклона верхней и нижней частей зуба лесных граблей. Установлено, что для наиболее вероятного диапазона изменения угла внутреннего трения 44…46º и ожидаемых размеров длины порубочных остатков 0,7…1,2 м оптимальная величина высоты лесных граблей варьируется в диапазоне 840…1800 мм. При величинах углов наклона нижней части зуба 32…40º оптимальная величина длины верхней части зуба лесных граблей варьируется в диапазоне 840…1100 мм. При величинах углов наклона верхней части зуба 5…11º оптимальная величина длины нижней части зуба лесных граблей варьируется в диапазоне 620…790 мм. Обоснована необходимость продолжения исследований конструктивных параметров лесных граблей в направлении их многофакторной оптимизации для обоснования оптимальной производительности работы лесных граблей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>logging residues</kwd><kwd>raking</kwd><kwd>forest rakes</kwd><kwd>dependence</kwd><kwd>simulation modeling</kwd><kwd>optimal characteristics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>порубочные остатки</kwd><kwd>сгребание</kwd><kwd>лесные грабли</kwd><kwd>зависимость</kwd><kwd>имитационное моделирование</kwd><kwd>оптимальные характеристики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilintsev, A. S., Nakvasina, E. N., &amp; Högbom, L. (2021). Methods for protecting forest soils during logging operations (review). Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), 5(383), 92–116. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TVHEDO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильинцев, А. С., Наквасина, Е. Н., &amp; Högbom, L. (2021). Способы защиты лесных почв в ходе лесозаготовительных работ (обзор). Известия вузов. Лесной журнал, 5(383), 92–116. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-92-116. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TVHEDO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Platonov, A. A. (2023). Forest rakes: Purpose, scope of application, classification. Lesnoy Vestnik (Forestry Bulletin), (27), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2023-6-139-150. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/PJFUHM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Платонов, А. А. (2023). Грабли лесные: назначение, область применения, классификация. Лесной вестник. Forestry Bulletin, (27), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2023-6-139-150. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/PJFUHM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushevsky, P. V., Kunitskaya, O. A., Dolzhikov, I. S., et al. (2023). Analysis of technical and technological solutions for clearing cutting areas from logging residues. Resources and Technology, (4), 89–138. https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2023.7283. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DGVGRF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушевский, П. В., Куницкая, О. А., Должиков, И. С., [и др.]. (2023). Анализ технических и технологических решений очистки лесосек от порубочных остатков. Resources and Technology, (4), 89–138. https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2023.7283. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DGVGRF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsarev, N. I., &amp; Nakvasina, E. N. (2025). State of vegetation and soil on skid trails of clearcuts covered with logging residues in the northern forest region of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. Vestnik of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy named after V. R. Filippov, (2), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2025.79.2.015. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MIKYFS https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2025.79.2.015. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MIKYFS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Царев, Н. И., &amp; Наквасина, Е. Н. (2025). Состояние растительности и почвы на волоках сплошных рубок, покрытых порубочными остатками, в северном лесном районе Архангельской области. Вестник Бурятской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии им. В. Р. Филиппова, (2), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2025.79.2.015. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MIKYFS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Aalto, M., Gyawali, A., &amp; Ranta, T. (2022). Boom-corridor thinning removal portion estimation with agent-based simulation. Biomass and Bioenergy, (160), 106418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106418. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GRLDIB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ackerman, S., McDermid, H., &amp; Ackerman, P. (2021). The effectiveness of a small-scale combination harvester/forwarder in industrial plantation first thinning operations. International Journal of Forest Engineering, (33), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2021.1978798. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/UNKHAC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Bergström, D. (2019). Cost analysis of innovative biomass harvesting systems for young dense thinnings. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, (40), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2019.552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Borz, S. A., Maris, A.-C., &amp; Kaakkurivaara, N. (2023). Performance of skidding operations in low-access and low-intensity timber removals: A simulation of productivity and fuel consumption in mature forests. Forests, (14), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020265. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JGUJUG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho, M.-J., Choi, Y., Oh, J.-H., et al. (2022). Comparison of harvesting productivity, cost, and residual stand damages between single-tree selection thinning and mechanized line thinning using a small-scale grapple-saw. Forest Science and Technology, (18), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2022.2069871. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZSUJEO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho, M.-J., Choi, Y., Oh, J.-H., [et al.]. (2022). Comparison of harvesting productivity, cost, and residual stand damages between single-tree selection thinning and mechanized line thinning using a small-scale grapple-saw. Forest Science and Technology, (18), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2022.2069871. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZSUJEO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fokin, S., Shportko, O., &amp; Druchinin, D. (2024). On shredding of wood raw materials with knives of different designs. BIO Web of Conferences, (145), 03012. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414503012. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RVOYTL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forkuo, G. O., Marcu, M. V., Iordache, E., et al. (2024). Timber extraction by farm tractors in low-removal-intensity continuous cover forestry: A simulation of operational performance and fuel consumption. Forests, (15), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081422. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GWYVVQ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forkuo, G. O., Marcu, M. V., Iordache, E., [et al.]. (2024). Timber extraction by farm tractors in low-removal-intensity continuous cover forestry: A simulation of operational performance and fuel consumption. Forests, (15), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081422. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GWYVVQ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ghaffariyan, M. R. (2023). Short review of collecting technologies and methods in forest harvesting residues recovery. Silva Balcanica, 24(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e97620. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/UFMSMT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kaakkurivaara, N., Borz, S., &amp; Kaakkurivaara, T. (2025). Productivity and efficiency of extracting small-sized eucalyptus logs by farm tractors with backhoe grapples in Thailand short-rotation forestry. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, (47), 13. https://doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2026.3605. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FKWXJM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee, E., Lee, S.-T., Mun, H.-S., et al. (2024). Assessing the residual stand damage after thinning with different levels of mechanization. Forests, (15), 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050794. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VOTHOH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee, E., Lee, S.-T., Mun, H.-S., [et al.]. (2024). Assessing the residual stand damage after thinning with different levels of mechanization. Forests, (15), 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050794. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VOTHOH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Platonov, A. A. (2021). Modern state of technical means to remove uncontrolled vegetation. Lesnoy Vestnik (Forestry Bulletin), 25(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-1-115-122. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FMPPNC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Platonov, A. A. (2021). Modern state of technical means to remove uncontrolled vegetation. Лесной вестник. Forestry Bulletin, 25(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-1-115-122. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FMPPNC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proto, A. R., Bernardini, V., Cataldo, M., et al. (2020). Whole tree system evaluation of thinning a pine plantation in southern Italy. Annals of Silvicultural Research, (45), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-1849</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proto, A. R., Bernardini, V., Cataldo, M., [et al.]. (2020). Whole tree system evaluation of thinning a pine plantation in southern Italy. Annals of Silvicultural Research, (45), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-1849</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshimura, T., Suzuki, Y., &amp; Sato, N. (2025). Application of system dynamics simulation to assess system productivity of forest harvesting systems: A case study from Japan. Forests, (16), 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050734. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QQIHMW</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
