ЖИЗНЕСТОЙКОСТЬ И КОПИНГ-СТРАТЕГИИ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ РАБОТНИКОВ В ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИИ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОМУ ВЫГОРАНИЮ (ВО ВРЕМЯ ЧЕТВЕРТОЙ ВОЛНЫ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 В РОССИИ)
Аннотация
В условиях пандемии COVID-19 проблема психологического благополучия медицинских работников приобретает особую актуальность. Обращение медиков к внутриличностным ресурсам жизнестойкости, использование оптимальных копинг-стратегий при длительной работе в условиях пандемии повышает вероятность более благоприятного прохождения стрессового периода и снижения эмоционального выгорания.
Цель. Выявить специфику эмоционального выгорания медицинских работников во время четвертой волны пандемии COVID-19 в контексте особенностей состояния жизнестойкости и использования копинг-стратегий. Адаптация к русскому языку методики «Шкала выгорания при COVID-19 (COVID-19-BS)» (M. Yıldırım, F. Solmaz).
Материалы и методы исследования. Исследование проводилось в ноябре-декабре 2021 года. В исследуемую выборку вошли 128 медицинских работников: 37,5% врачи, 47% средний и младший медицинский персонал, 15,5% студенты медицинских вузов, добровольно вышедших работать в медицинские учреждения в период пандемии; 23% мужчин, 77% женщины; в возрасте от 21 до 63 лет (M=35 лет). Исследование проводилось в городе Иваново (47%), городе Москва и Московской области (57%). Использовались следующие методики: «Тест жизнестойкости» (С. Мадди, в русскоязычной адаптации Е.Н. Осина, Е.И. Рассказовой), «Опросник способов совладания» (ОСС) (Р. Лазарус, С. Фолкман, в русскоязычной адаптации Т.Л. Крюковой, Е.В. Куфтяк, М.С. Замышляевой), «Стресс и тревога во время вирусной эпидемии – 9-пунктный опросник (SAVE-9) для медицинского персонала» (С. Чанг с соавт.; в русскоязычной адаптации С.Е. Мосоловой с соавт.), «Шкала выгорания при COVID-19 (COVID-19-BS)» (M. Yildirim, F. Solmaz). Полученные эмпирические данные осмысливались и обрабатывались с помощью качественных и количественных методов анализа, в том числе: описательные статистики, корреляционный анализ Спирмена, линейный регрессионный анализ (метод шагового отбора), U-критерий Манна-Уитни.
Результаты. Проведенное исследование показало, что каждый третий медицинский сотрудник при работе во время четвертой волны пандемии COVID-19 в России в условиях борьбы с эпидемией COVID-19 испытывает стресс и тревогу, демонстрирует признаки эмоционального выгорания. Две трети медицинских работников в целом продемонстрировали достаточный уровень развития жизнестойкости. Параметры жизнестойкости отрицательно связаны с тревогой и эмоциональным выгоранием медиков в период пандемии COVID-19. Наибольшую стойкость данного эффекта обеспечивают такие параметры жизнестойкости, как «вовлеченность» и «принятие риска». Что указывает на то, что жизнестойкость может быть защитным фактором для медицинских работников. Самыми реализуемыми среди медиков копинг-стратегиями являются планирование решение проблемы, поиск социальной поддержки, самоконтроль, положительная переоценка. Выбор же неконструктивных копингов (конфронтация, дистанцирование, бегство-избегание) способствует развитию эмоционального выгорания. В исследовании были подтверждены надежность и валидность опросника COVID-19-BS для измерения эмоционального выгорания, связанного с COVID-19.
Заключение. Полученные данные об особенностях психологического состояния медицинских работников в период четвертой волны пандемии COVID-19 говорят о необходимости продолжения работы, связанной с их психологической поддержкой и сопровождением с целью их личностно-профессионального развития, предупреждения депрессии и посттравматического стрессового расстройства.
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Zhang Y., Wang C., Pan W., Zheng J., Gao J., Huang X., Cai S., Zhai Y., Latour J.M., Zhu C. Stress, Burnout, and Coping Strategies of Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Wuhan and Shanghai, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020, vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565520.
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